Yin Yu
Wuhan sports university Research center of sports and health, China
This research is based on the changes of biochemical indicators of four perieds: pre-training, while-training, race and plateau for high level canoeing athletes, meanwhile, they will have effective monitoring. The results show: the blood urea (BUN), serum testosterone (T) and cortisol (C), hemoglobin (HB), Serum creatine kinase (CK), and other indicators can effectively reflect the reality of the functional status athletes. Besides, CK and T reflect the most sensitive in training and competition. In addition, through the study, we established a single biochemical index evaluation standard and evaluation standard. The level of evaluation standard is simple and is easy to use. It also can be used into training and monitoring for the national team in a certain period of time.
The literature material method, experimental method, mathematical statistics method
During the detection, test indexes such as CK, BUN and T show the characteristics of the discrete in a large degree, especially the BUN variation coefficient of 45.15%, which should take individual differences into consideration. In altitude training phase, on the whole, the main index of red blood cell and the major indicators reflect the state of the body function and doesn't have significant changes, Mainly, for the increasing of red blood cells and hemoglobin content. Some have significant changes but others didn't. For example, indicators such as serum ferritin, red blood cells deposited did not significantly change.
According to the statistics of the percentile method of monomial index of evaluation standards and comprehensive evaluation standard, the coaches and athletes can depend on the evaluation standard to know the reality of sports teams or players single parameter condition and make the training plan, then provide a reference for the individual training. In the longer term, the coaches should fully know the function characteristics of athletes, and deal with the relationship between fatigue and recovery after the game timely and reasonably. And ensure the recovery of body function status before the game. The biochemical indicators show that the characteristics of discrete degree is high, in the real status of athletes by biochemical indexes evaluation should be fully considered when there are some differences between athletes. For a long time of training and competition, athletes can establish personal files, fully understand the function of athletes in a relatively long period of time, and pay attention to the longitudinal comparison, so that we can make accurate and rational judgments for the functional status.
Linbo Sha
Beijing Sport University, China
This study registers and analyzes the alterations of pick&roll effectiveness and aggressiveness of European basketball in recent 5 years and works on providing Team China pick&roll strategies.
Video analysis (577 cases in semifinal games from 37th to 39th Eurobaskets) and data processing mainly.
Table 1 revealed that the semifinals in 38th Eurobasket have the most points created by pick&roll and that of 37th games has the least.According to classification of table 1,the pick&rolls which can create chances of score can be devided into 2 parts:score-oriented pick&roll and transitional pick&roll.The 2 new concepts could be calculated by fomula as followed:
Score-oriented pick&roll=(number of)direct attempts by ball-handler of pick&rolls +(number of)attempts by PTS/PT3 pick&rolls +(number of)affiliated-(number of)double counting.
Transitional pick&roll=total(number of)pick&rolls-(number of)score-oriented pick&rolls. The reason why it's a good idea to classify this way is because the number of score-oriented pick&roll shows how bad the team wants to score through pick&roll.And in that way the proportion between 2 types can reveal the aggressiveness of pick&roll.
We can see all 3 Eurobaskets have similar proportion and the arressiveness in 38th games
and 39th games are slightly higher than that of 37th. Team Spain has been aggressive in its
pick&roll execution of recent 3 Eurobaskets and had the highest aggressiveness number
(S-P&R/T-P&R)1.85 in 37th games.Team Russia in 37th Eurobasket performed the least
aggressive in pick&roll execution.
According to the Cluster analysis the Correlation analysis revealed slightly high interrelation between pick&roll effectivess and aggressiveness(p= -0,149(**) , α=0,03).The results revealed that as far as both pick&roll effectiveness and aggressiveness are concerned the maximum similarity is modulating in relation with the pick&roll form. To sum it up, we must emphasize the fact that there's not a lot of similar research regarding the pick&roll in the international bibliography, so as you can see, our conclusions may be considered arbitrary and must re-examine them again while the sample of this study was limited.
Weiguo Liu
Guangxi Normal University, China
Backhand technique is one of the three basic tennis techniques. Single-handed backhand technique requires a higher power drive from the athletes than other tennis techniques. The working condition of muscles plays a decisive role on its technical performance. This experiment has designed three types of single-handed backhand tennis movements, from the perspective of muscle work. By comparing their pace, structure, effects and the working characteristics of the relative agonists, both the performance and the theory of the tennis single-handed backhand technique have been revealed, in order to be certain which type of stroke is more adapted to single-handed backhand tennis technique.
In this thesis, the author designed three types of tennis single-handed backhand strokes (There are Free stroke, Long contested stroke and Momentary contested stroke), based on the characteristics of the relevant muscle work. In the experiment, the three-dimensional image analyst system and bio-electricity device have been used simultaneously on the subjects, to collect the data of the three types of strokes. The experiment acquired their technical index by digitizing the captured video frames with the "SHIXUN" image/video analyst software and analyzing the bio-electricity data with DasyLab 10.0 bio-electricity device separately. The thesis compared the diversity of the relevant technical index of three types of strokes by applying one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons.
1) Three types of strokes have a significant difference on their paces. The momentary contested stroke is the fastest way to stroke and the free stroke has the slowest follow-up;
2) The speeds of the racket head and tennis ball have a significant difference. The racket head speed of two types of contested stroke is quicker than the free stroke, and the speed of the momentary contested stroke is quicker than that of the other two types;
3) For the hitting point and body posture index, there is no significant difference;
4) Except the brachioradialis and obliquus externus abdominis, the muscle integral electrical values of the three movements have a significant difference. The values of the two types of contested stroke are greater than that of free stroke, and the quadriceps femoris integral electrical values of the momentary contested stroke are the greatest.
1) Three types of stroke have the same movement structure with different paces. The pace of the momentary contested stroke does better on combining power from relative muscles when hitting the ball.
2) The two contested strokes can restore muscle strength sufficiently, and momentary contested stroke has the best effect on hitting balls.
3) From the perspective of the diversity of agonist acting, both contested stroke types are more suitable on restoring muscle strength before hitting, and the momentary contested stroke does best on combining power from relative muscles when hitting the ball.
Hui Ruan
School of P.E. Hainan Normal University, China
Injury is the natural enemy of athletes, but college high-level athletes training security hardware and software resources are weakness. This article using Functional Movement Screen (FMS)method to identify the high level athlete's basic action ability, and forecast the possible risk of injury in sports training, help coaches make the training plan, and reduce injury happened.
37 high-level athletes (19 basketball and 18 volleyball player) with no recent (<6 months) history of musculoskeletal injury volunteered to participate. Test according to rules of the FMS by two certified raters, both raters have good consistency (k=0.85~1). Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Chi-square test and percent agreement were calculated on component scores.
1) FMS test results found that men's basketball team total score was 15.11±2.26, women's 15.00±2.45; men's volleyball team total score was 14.91±2.21, women's volleyball team was 13.86±1.46. There is no significant difference in the project and gender of (p=0.287, p=0.370), nearly half of the players score lower than 14 points, indicates that there are a greater risk of injury, but there is no significant difference of gender between less than 14 points number and number of pain (p=0.22, p=0.221).
2) In addition to push-up, the results in projects without significant difference, the score of basketball players was significantly higher than volleyball players(p=0.038<0.05), which belongs to physical touch projects than net sports of core stability requirements higher. On the gender differences, only the push-up score of the female volleyball players was significantly lower than the men's score.
3) The Men's basketball players in the hurdle step (p=0.020) and rotary stability test (p=0.018) scored significant difference; women's basketball players in deep squat (p=0.045), push-up(p=0.013) and rotary stability(p=0.007) scored significant difference. Men's volleyball players in hurdle step (p=0.035) and rotary stability (p=0.007) scoring significant difference, there is no difference in the score of the women's volleyball team.
4) Taken together, rotary stability score low, reflecting the athletes' core stability is generally poor; left and right side of the score difference in hurdle step test is bigger, suggest that the inferior side of the limb is weaker than the dominant side in the strength and control; push-up score low and a number of players with low back pain suggested that the core stability of athletes is weak. The problem of weak stability of the shoulder is more prominent in women's volleyball team. The squat degree is not enough and the thigh can not be lower than the level of the line or the heel can't be affixed to the floor, which is related to the weak muscle flexibility.
Chi Xu
Hubei Provincial Institute of Sports Science, China
By testing and analyzing the muscles state of athletes with muscle strains through the method of TMG, evaluated affects of muscle fiber type, muscle asymmetry on athletes' explosiveness and endurance. The results were compared with the physiological and biochemical indexes -serum creatine kinase (CK) values, in order to verify muscle injury and achive the purpose of training optimization and rehabilitation monitoring.
12 athletes with muscle pain after one training period were studied as subjects, by the electrical stimulation of major injured muscle group (Rectus Abdominus, Erector Spinae, Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris etc.). The mian parameters after the isometric contraction of the healthy side and affected side were record: time contraction (Tc) and displacement (Dm) . Meanwhile, the CK value were obtianed by blood biochemical testing method.
Tc values of affected side were much higher than the the healthy side, with percentage 25.6%-67.3% above average of date base. Dm values of affected side were slightly higher than the the healthy side, with percentage 8.7%-21.5% above average of date base. Minewhile, the CK values ranged from 415u/L- 681 u/L beyond the normal level.
Tensiomyography (TMG) is an evaluation method for the morphofunctional potential of the muscle, which allows the detection of the muscular reaction to electrical stimulation. Through this method we can appreciate the ratio between type I (fatigue-resistant) and type II (white, fast-twitch, with low resistance to fatigue--this phenomenon appearing before the completion of the electrical stimulation process) muscular fibres.
Contraction time (Tc) the time between the moment when the muscular contraction is 10% and the moment when the contraction reaches 90% out of maximum (ms). The value of the contraction time depends on the percent of fast or slow fibres at the level of the studied muscle. Thus, the values decrease once the percent of type II fibres increased, and they increase when the type II fibre percent is low and type I fibres is high, which led to the longer contraction time. The amplitude of muscular displacement - Dm (mm) is a parameter which is also correlated with Tc values and depends on the of muscular degree and muscle fatigue. Therefore, Dm values increased when lack of muscular development ,and they decrease when the explosive force is developed, and under the conditions of a high muscular tone. The CK values beyond the normal range hinted muscle strain and verified the results of TMG testing, which suggested training intensity adjusting and muscle recovery. Thus, we can make scientific and personalized training plan by periodic monitoring of muscle status through TMG combined with biochemical method.
Lifang Zheng
Shanghai University of Sport, China
Skeletal muscle injury is the most common injury in physical exercise. The repair after injury depends on the muscle-derived somatic cells of skeletal muscle- muscle satellite cells (SC). When skeletal muscle injury occurs severely, it doesn't raise enough SC to participate in skeletal muscle regeneration .Therefore the muscle tissue hematoma and fibrosis of scar tissue are formed. The activation and proliferation of SC in skeletal muscle regeneration require a variety of factors to participate. In recent years, with the development of molecular biology, many studies have shown that HGF plays an important role in skeletal muscle regeneration, especially in the activation and differentiation of SC. This review summarizes findings about the role of HGF in skeletal muscle regeneration. It will provide valuable reference for the practice of medicine
We regarded "hepatocyte growth factor", "skeletal muscle", "regeneration" as keyword to research by PubMed, Google academic, web of science and other databases. We researched about HGF and skeletal muscle regeneration literature nearly 10 years. Finally we researched about 50 articles and analyzed and sorted the results, opinions of these documents.
HGF involves in skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating the functions of muscle satellite cells:
HGF acts in the early stage of muscle regeneration, and it can effectively activate SC and promote the proliferation of SC. But this effect was dose-dependent and species differences. In addition, HGF suppresses the early differentiation of SC and negatively correlated with the dose. After skeletal muscle injury, SC responds to the damage and produce chemotaxis, but this chemotaxis has a dose-dependent effect.
The mechanism of HGF that regulates the functions of muscle satellite cell: HGF combines with c-met which locates on the plasma membrane of SC, it actives MAPK and PI3K gene transcription and mitogenic signaling pathways so that the quiescent satellite cells exit G0 phase and enter G1 phase.
HGF affects the myogenic differentiation in dose-dependent effect. It may be mediated by the changes of expression levels of c-met . Intracellular pathways that regulate HGF also includes MAPK'S and PI3K, in addition, HGF regulates the proliferation rate which is mediated by the activation of MAPK and SHP2. The migration of SC after skeletal muscle injury is major induced by HGF which is released by damaged and completed skeletal muscle. In response to the stimulus of HGF, the actin-cytoskeleton is reorganized and lamellipodia form .The SC migrate to the injured sites by chemotaxis and start to repair it .HGF facilitates the migration of SC through combine with its receptor c-met.
SC plays a key role in skeletal muscle repair process. HGF involves in skeletal muscle regeneration by regulating the functions of muscle satellite cells. the relevant mechanisms show that HGF may combine with c-met and start the relevant signaling pathways which involves in the activation, proliferation ,differentiation, migration of SC.
Xin Liu
Physical Education College of Zhengzhou University, China
Based on the current situation of health qigong in henan province city empty nester, examining and resolve the problem of urban empty nest old man practicing qigong in henan province, to improve henan province city empty nester better physical quality and the continuation of life to provide the reference to city and the empty nester fitness needs of entertainment, meet the needs of the city empty nester exercise.
methods of literature reviews, questionnaire method, mathematical statistics
City empty nester practicing qigong status quo crowd. City empty nester practicing qigong crowd density is small, and the exercise time is shorter, can't reach a certain fitness effect, henan province city empty nester practicing qigong crowd base as the regional economic differences and collapse. City empty nester practicing qigong cognitive status quo, Henan province city empty nester cognition of health qigong is low, does not have scientific and standardized fitness technology theory knowledge, lack of certain theoretical guidance. City empty nester in health qigong status quo, Henan province city empty nester practicing qigong infrastructure construction and game Settings is indispensable, fitness qigong competition increases the use level of empty nest elderly and more comfort empty-nesters practitioner of loneliness, increasing urban empty-nesters recreation space.
City empty nester, set up the ideas of technology standardization, promote health qigong Standardized, scientific fitness is the premise of urban empty nest elderly fitness goals, also is the basis of the spread and promotion of health qigong, take an active part in health qigong exchange competition and health qigong propaganda lectures, fitness way of thinking, pay attention to deal with health qigong exercise intensity and exercise time, the relationship between reasonable arrangement of time, improve cognitive health qigong, increasing the technology of health qigong theory instruction, the perfect system of implementation technology and practice. Sports related institutions, to set up the health qigong sports association, perfect the relevant competition rules. Sports related institutions of the behavior will be good for health qigong in urban areas, set up the urban elderly sports association, the establishment of health qigong club, can be unified, effective coordination of urban empty nest elderly health qigong exercise, extensive communication, perfect the relevant laws and regulations, to promote urban empty-nesters increasing your exercise level, in the race to achieve the purpose of promoting health qigong. Health qigong itself, organizes health qigong techniques innovation, enhance health qigong interest. Qigong is based on physical activity as the main form, the use of breathing deep breathing, psychosomatic adjustment of combining the main movement forms, carrying the brilliant culture of the Chinese history, at the same time in the dissemination and promotion of health qigong, health qigong association organises health qigong techniques should be innovative, combining both the cultural features of health qigong, and take into account the particularity of audience, to prompt health qigong in urban empty-nesters enduring fitness workouts.
Liao Liping
Beijing Research Institute of Sports Science, China
It is said that the main reason of shoulder injury was because of dynamic instability of shoulder. So the aim of the study was to discuss if he isokinetic eccentric strength training to the antagonist muscles of internal rotation movement woul improve the joint motion, muscle strength and coordination, and especially to observe if eccentric antagonise / concentric agonist peak toque ratios in the movement will be change. Whether these changes would help to enhance the dynamic stability of the shoulder joint in the process of spiking, then in order to achieve the purpose of improving arm speed.
Select 21 professional volleyball athletes(level 2 or above) without obvious symptoms of shoulder joint injury within the past half of year .Random allocation was taken to averagely divide them into three groups, 7 athletes a group, respectively: group1(S1) was working in isokinetic concentric strength training of internal rotation muscles; group2(S2) was isokinetic eccentric strength training of external rotation muscles; group 3(S3) was S1 combined with S2. For 6 weeks, 3 times a week; 6 groups a time, 8 repeats a group, 1-2 min rest between groups. The tests and evaluation indexes include: 1 Shoulder joint mobility and flexibility test; 2 Muscle strength test: isometric maximum strength, isokinetic peak torque, and the torque and speed of isotonic testing; 3 High-speed video test: the arm terminal speed, the ball speed, etc.
Shoulder motion, right shoulder in S1 and S3 increased significantly (P < 0.05) and S3 was very much(P < 0.01), but group 2 had no difference;the external rotation angle of S3 was very significantly incresed (P < 0.01). 2 Shoulder flexibility, the indexs were no significant difference (P > 0.05), the distance of S1 and S3 when the right hand above was slightly reduced, but S2 increased. 3 Isometric maximum strength, the strength of internal rotation muscles in S1 and S2 increased significantly (P < 0.05), S1 was very much(P < 0.01); the strength of external rotation muscles in S2 increased significantly(P < 0.05). 4 The isokinetic test: concentric peak toque of internal rotation muscles in S1 significantly increased (P < 0.05); eccentric peak toque of external rotation muscles in S2, S3 increased significantly(P < 0.05), S2 was very significant (P < 0.01), and external rotation muscles ECC / internal rotation muscles CON peak toque ratio is significantly increased (P < 0.05); 5 Isotonic test: the power and arm speed of S1 increased significantly (P < 0.05) when internal rotation movement, and the arm speed of S2 increased significantly (P < 0.05) when simulating spiking in sitting posture. 6 The sport ability (that is arm terminal-speed and the ball-speed in three groups), did not significantly change (P > 0.05).
The isokinetic eccentric strength training to the antagonist muscles of internal rotation movement had improved the active external motion of shoulder; 2 The training had improved the balance of shoulder rotation muscles, developed the external rotation muscles with centrifugal control ability,and enhanced the dynamic stability of the shoulder joint; 3 The training had increased arm speed when when simulating spiking in sitting posture, but had no significant influence to the actual arm speed.
Jian Sun
GuangZhou Sports University, China
Since the Women's Wrestling categories in 2016 Rio Olympics increased from 4 to 6 at the
end of 2013, more and more female athletes have participated into the women's wrestling event.
During the recent several years, Japanese women's wrestling team dominated in the world
women's wrestling steadily. European and American women's wrestling teams developed rapidly
and benefited largely from the high level of their men's wrestling team. At the same time, African
teams actively participated in the women's wrestling competition with some fairly talent wrestlers.
Therefore, women's wrestling competition became much more competitive and the tempo of the
game was accelerated. The analysis of the top 6 women's wrestlers in each categories of 2015
World Wrestling Championship contained totally 10 factors, namely, the technical diversity,
technical strategy, attack and defense capacity and so on, which revealed us the current features of
the world elite women wrestlers' techniques and tactics. By fully research and analysis we shall
find the development trend of world women's wrestling so as to provide reference and suggestion
for our national women's wrestling team.
1.1 Research Object
Top 6 women's wrestlers in each 6 categories of 2015 World Wrestling Championship, Las
Vegas.
1.2 Research Method
1.2.1 Document Data Method
According to the demand of research purposes and contents, we searched CNKI database
with the key words including women's wrestling, wrestling techniques and tactics. And we found
22 related literatures issued from 2012 to 2016 in academic journals. 5 articles among those are
about women's wrestling tactic features. The statistics of the women's wrestling technique and
tactics released in 2015 UWW wrestling coaches clinic, Tokyo, provided important theoretical
basis for this thesis as well.
1.2.2 Direct Observation Method
By taking part into the World Wrestling Championship from 2012 to 2015 and the related
referee conferences and clinics, we summarized and formed the relevant technical and tactical
data.
1.2.3 Expert Interview Method
Doing interview with the main coach of Chinese women's wrestling team, in order to find the
domestic and international trend of the development of women's wrestling and the existed
problem of us.
1.2.4 Mathematical Statistics Method
The statistical methods include 15 quantitative indicators, namely, score, type, efficiency,
distance, continuity and so on. Data have been processed according to the theory of statistics, as
well as the SPSS statistical software.
The average time of the technical diversity of the top 36 athletes is 1 minutes and 43 seconds, that means every 1:43 wrestler will make one kind of attack motion, which reflects the female wrestlers technical diversity have reached a fairly high level. The average time of the scoring technical action of the top 36 athletes is 1 minutes and 25 seconds, which means every 1:25 wrestler will successfully make a scoring motion, the technical efficiency of 58, 63, 75kg are especially high.
The average time of scoring 1 point is every 40 seconds.The average time of losing 1 point is 1:30 seconds. The average time of losing point among the champions of each categories is much better and longer than the average value, especially 48,53,58,63,75kg.
The Standing scoring reached 72%, but the Par-Terre scoring ability of 63,75kg wrestlers is much better.World Elite female wrestlers made proactive set-ups before making real attacks, and the ratio reached 52%.The changeable technical structure of world elite female wrestlers is 87%. The champions of 48,58,75kg reached 100%.The average attack distance of elite female wrestlers' is 2.11, which is a medium and safe distance. And the elite female wrestlers make attacking action in low or moderate risk level.
World elite female wrestlers have comprehensive abilities both on Standing and Par-Terre positions. Their techniques are diversified, changeable and consistent. They use a reasonable distance to attack and they know when to attack. Proactive set-ups before making real attacks and adopting changeable technical structure in competition will make wrestlers benefit. More and more wrestlers and teams now pay serious attention to Par-Terre techniques.
Huagen Yin
Graduate Division of Xi'an Physical Education University, China
This paper is aims to provide some data supports and theoretical reference for our national women paddlers in the future targeted training, by getting a further knowledge and understanding of the new generation women table tennis technology in the future development tendency in Japan, which is based on the observation and statistics of Japan's top rookie Mima Ito's eight major international games video from march in 2015 to 2016, and the detailed study on the main technical indicators.
By means of literature methods, video statistics, four index evaluation method, etc.
1, Mima Ito got scores more easily with her high quality serve in combination with drop shot and long ball, but she lost some scores at the third and fifth shot in some match because of her less powerful forehand rushing attack and relying too much on the backhand. In the stalemate I, Ito took an advantage with the good use of overall technique and tactics. Although her speed gave her some priority in the close-table forehand attack, her hit was not strong enough in the middle-long table.
2, Ito lost the edge and was in a passive defense situation due to her single receive technique and loose ball control. It means Ito lost points seriously (the second, fourth shot) and stalemate II ( the eighth shot), which is also the important attribution of the defeat.
Mima Ito got a overall low scoring average with a high usage rate of four technical indicators. It is found that Ito's scoring contribution rate surpassed her rival's a little when she served (serve, stalemate I) and weakened her whole competitive strength when she received (receive, stalemate II).
Caihua Huang
PE Department, Xiamen University of Technology ,China
Sanda is a weight-categorized combative sport. Most Sanda competitors use rapid weight loss (RWL) practices, in general, about 10% weight, prior to competition. RWL impairs athletic performance. Moreover, it greatly changes globe metabolism, however, it has not been explored. Metabolomics is a novel platform that allows for high-throughput screening for examining the changes in hundreds of metabolites in biofluid collected from sports training or competition.
We present an athlete who underwent a RWL before competition. By, we monitored quantitative levels of metabolite in urine and identified characteristic metabolic pathways related to each stage of RWL.
A male Sanda athlete (18yr, 180.2cm) was reported. He was professionally competitive for 5 years and trained at 6 d/wk. He practiced a very low calorie diet (< 600 kcal/d), and kept in high-intensity training during the 11-day RWL. He suffered from significantly impaired sports performance and was KOed in the competition. Conventional sports monitoring parameters were measured to evaluate his sports performance. Urine samples were collected in the morning after 10h fasting, and also collected before and after three same arranged training sessions (at baseline, Day4 and Day8) during RWL. We performed a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) based metabolomics to detect levels of urinary metabolites, in combination with a Pathway analysis method to identify distinctive metabolic pathways involved.
The athlete lost 7.5 kg by the RWL. Twenty-five endogenous metabolites were identified in urine. (1) In the fasting urine, metabolite levels were not changed significantly in Day4 after RWL. While most of metabolite levels increased significantly in Day8, except for formate, reflecting up-regulations of metabolic pathways to provide enough substrate for energy system. In weight-in day, levels of creatinine, hypoxanthine, dimethylamine (DMA), hippurate, glutamate, valine decreased, and levels of acetoacetate, β-hydroxyisobutyrate, indoxyl sulfate and phenylalanine increased. This suggested that amino acid metabolism and ketone metabolism were up-regulated in the supply of shortage energy-producing fuels, and also reflected a stress to the intestinal gut microflora as indicated by the change of hippurate, DMA and indoxyl sulfate level. In the competition day, several metabolite levels were not recovered, especially level of creatinine and DMA. (2) In order to compare metabolic responses in different stages of RWL, we analyzed changes of metabolite levels before and after three training sessions. We found sports performance was markedly decreased. Metabolomic analysis showed that energy was supplied mainly by glycolysis and amino acid metabolism before RWL, and these metabolic pathways were significantly enhanced in Day4. Moreover, taurine level increased, indicating a higher oxidative stress in response to sports training when the athlete reduced 4.3% of weight. In Day8, generally, training caused changes of metabolite level less than those in the testing before RWL. Moreover, the increase rate of lactate was significant lower, while ketone levels decreased significantly after the training session. GABA level increased, tryptophan, while DMA and methylamine levels decreased, which may contributed to protective effects on the neurological fatigue.
Inappropriate RWL caused systemic metabolic disorders, which not only impaired sports performance, but also bring about potential adverse effects in athletes. This case suggests that metabolic profiling could be a sensitive and comprehensive method in sports monitoring for individuals.
Miki Ohmura
Graduate School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Japan
The present study examined the effects of proactive motor action training by performing an integrated approach incorporating music to promote relaxation, physical aspects, as well as stress, communication.
The participants were a 12-year-old girl with visually impaired and both legs dysfunction (student A), and a 14-year-old girl with congenital cerebral palsy and trunk dysfunction (student B). Training period: once a week (30 minutes to 40 minutes), about three months (ongoing). Training content: an integrated program that incorporates proactive motor action training and music.
(1) Student A: Heart rate through 7 sessions; highest average
about 135bpm, the lowest average of about 70bpm. To select a couple of CD is increased, it has
become increasingly can be selected. Request behaviors, such as leaching appeared. Many
behavior changed to good direction. These were establishment interchange with another person,
control of voluntary action], improvement of inadequacy behavior.
(2) Student B: Heart rate;
highest average about 125bpm, the lowest average of about 70bpm. Stress value (salivary stress
markers) after training as compared to before has been reduced. The number of beads through
beads increased, the time was shortened. The ability to control one's body is enhanced.
Takeda Tadashi
School of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
Research has been conducted to measure the speed and turn lines of skiers using GPS (Brodie, M. et al., 2008). Miyamoto et al. developed a portable Kinematic GPS device. The purpose of this study is to report coaching of ski and snowboard using GPS device.
Portable Kinematic GPS device (Aoba Technologia AT-H-02; L78☓ W38☓H18 mm, 69g, 5Hz) developed by MiyGPS amoto et al. and the commercially-available GPS (GPSports SPI HPU; L74☓ W42☓ H16mm, 67g, 15Hz) were attached to skiers and snowboarders, and measurements were taken while the athletes skied and snowboarded through a snowboard alpine giant slalom course (21 gates). Subjects were two university alpine skiers and two Japanese alpine snowboarders. We measured the run time, speed (average, maximum), travel distance and heart rate (average, maximum). After measurement, data were feedback to skier and snowboarders.
Average of run time was 41.57±1.33 sec, average speed was 49.15±2.55 km/h, maximum speed was 61.74±3.93 km/h, travel distance was 569.74±28.82m, average heart rate was 149.9 ±12.3 bpm, maximum heart rate was 170.8±17.8 bpm.
Measuring the run time, speed, travel distance and heart rate using GPS device give to skier and snowboarder information which is difficult to realize in actual skiing and snowboarding. We considered GPS device is effective coaching tool for ski and snowboarder.
Kenta Fujino
Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
The purpose of this study was to explore and clarify how coaches interact with others within the Japan rugby top league context. This study examined these interactions using social learning concepts such as communities of practice (Wenger, 1998), informal knowledge networks (Allee, 2000), networks of practice (Nichani and Hung, 2002) and dynamic social networks (Occhino et al., 2013).
Semi-structured interviews were conducted to 10 Japan rugby top league coaches. The interview data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using SCAT (Otani, 2007).
As a result, all the coaches were belonging to some sort of learning networks such as communities of practice. From the interviews, following information was elucidated: 1) the importance of others in the development of coaching craft; 2) the nature of the relationships between coaches in the same sport and/or others; 3) the benefits and limitations of accessing other coaches in developing coaching knowledge; and 4) how the relationship among the coaches might be enhanced within Japan rugby top league context. Furthermore, two new relationships were found, i.e., interaction with the company officials and interaction with overseas rugby team coaches.
The coaches in this study reported they were very active to build the relationships and interact with others. Additionally, the coaches had learned professional knowledge, interpersonal knowledge, and organization management from others. In particular, they valued participating in the non-formal learning situations. Moreover, the relationships with others built during their athlete's career had a great impact on their learning as a coach in their professional career.