Seiji Nakayama
Nihon University, JAPAN
The international rules of blind football were unified in the early 1980s. In Japan, the Japan Blind football Association was formally inaugurated in 2002 and blind football has grown into full-fledged popularity. It has gained recognition not only by popularization of games but in various ways, for example, by staging international games in Japan or getting the media attention. Though Japan won the silver medal in the Incheon 2014 Asian Para Games, Japan has never competed at the Paralympic Games. The Association are focusing on buildup to the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games with wining the medal as a goal.
In this study, based on the goal throws, the starting point directly leading to scoring opportunities, in the Inchon 2014 Asian Para Games, the positioning of the players in the games was classified, the differences in its tendency of each country were clarified and basic materials leading to improvement of competition power of the representative players of Japan were obtained.
Using the video recorded on site, the necessary items for analyses in this study were confirmed and recorded. In confirmation, the players with experience in football games (JFA official coach license holder) examined the data more than twice to decrease errors as much as possible. The positioning of the players and success/failure of pass during offensive play with a goal throw of the goalkeeper as a starting point were analyzed.
This study demonstrated that there were differences in the tendency of the positioning at the time of goal throws among countries in the Inchon 2014 Asian Para Games. Fundamental data leading to efficient offensive plays as well as basic materials leading to improvement of competition power in blind football were obtained.
This research was funded by JSPS KAKENHI (26350794 and 26350795) and we acknowledge them with thanks.
Shuji Sakamoto
Nihon University
The international rules of blind football were unified in the early 1980s. In Japan, the Japan Blind football Association was formally inaugurated in 2002 and blind football has grown into full-fledged popularity. It has gained recognition not only by popularization of games but in various ways, for example, by staging international games in Japan or getting the media attention. Though Japan won the silver medal in the Incheon 2014 Asian Para Games, Japan has never competed at the Paralympic Games. The Association are focusing on buildup to the 2020 Tokyo Paralympic Games with wining the medal as a goal.
In this study, based on the goal throws, the starting point directly leading to scoring opportunities, in the Inchon 2014 Asian Para Games, the positioning of the players in the games was classified, the differences in its tendency of each country were clarified and basic materials leading to improvement of competition power of the representative players of Japan were obtained.
Using the video recorded on site, the necessary items for analyses in this study were confirmed and recorded. In confirmation, the players with experience in football games (JFA official coach license holder) examined the data more than twice to decrease errors as much as possible. The positioning of the players and success/failure of pass during offensive play with a goal throw of the goalkeeper as a starting point were analyzed.
This study demonstrated that there were differences in the tendency of the positioning at the time of goal throws among countries in the Inchon 2014 Asian Para Games. Fundamental data leading to efficient offensive plays as well as basic materials leading to improvement of competition power in blind football were obtained.
This research was funded by JSPS KAKENHI (26350794 and 26350795) and we acknowledge them with thanks.
Ishii Yui
Hokusho Universisty, Japan
The decrease of physical strength and ability in children are pointed out in Hokkaido, Japan. We conducted practical research about the physical strength improvement in elementary students in Ebetsu city where our university is located. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of the program for improvement of physical fitness and education for junior leader at elementary school.
The subjects were 23 students (10 male, 13 female) in the first grade and 24 junior leaders who participated voluntarily in the elementary school. The morning exercise program was made for the purpose of physical strength improvement and enjoyment for the students. The new fitness test made by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology had been carried out before (in May) and after (in December) the program. The exercises performed the new fitness test were the standing broad jump, the power of grip, sit ups, flexibility, sidesteps and a 20m shuttle run (ability of endurance) . Statistical differences between the values of before the program (in May) and after the program (in December) were determined by the T test (both sides). Differences with p < 0.05 were considered significant. After the program, the questionnaires filled out by the subjects about their feelings for the morning exercise programs were collected.
All values of male's and women's separate exercises had increased in comparison between before and after. However, there were no significant differences between before and after. In the results of questionnaires, 20 subjects answered "they were enjoyed the program very much" and 3 subjects answered "enjoyed the program".
From results, the morning exercise program for elementary students in the first grade was effective. In questionnaires after the program, subjects answered that they came to like exercise more than before. The future task is to plan the improvement of the program better
Konno R
J. F. Oberlin University, Japan
textasukazu Hashiguchi
Nihon University
The purpose of this research was to assess how parenting styles influence on parental support for children's physical activity and their differences among male and female parents. The participants were 256 parents of university freshmen in the department of health and sports science and the department of medicine.
The survey content included parenting styles and parental support for children's physical activity. The participants were 119 fathers (80 sons and 39 daughters) and 137 mothers (89 sons and 48 daughters), mean age = 50.5, SD = 3.87, and range = 41-61. Factor analyses were conducted for parenting styles and parental support for children's physical activity (principal factor method, Promax rotation). Parenting styles produced 2 factors: responsiveness and demandingness, and parental support for children's physical activity consisted of 3 factors: modeling, facility, and leading. Their reliabilities and validities were assessed. The relationship between the responsiveness-coordinate and the demandingness-coordinate produced 3 categories: authoritative style, authoritarian style, and permissive style. Two-way ANOVA was conducted among fathers and mothers, setting children's gender and 3 categories of parenting styles as independent variables and considering 3 factors of parental support as dependent variables.
The analyses revealed gender differences between fathers and mothers. Main effects or interactions were found on each factor of parental support. For factors that don't have interactions but show main effects, multiple comparisons were conducted. On the other hand, for factors that have interactions, simple main effects were assessed and then multiple comparisons were performed accordingly.
These results suggested that parents with authoritative style, so-called preferred parenting style, does not necessarily have a great level of parental support for children's physical activity. In addition, because the results showed several interaction effects, we should consider both gender of parents and gender of children to increase parental support and help children build their own exercise habit, rather than directly connecting nurturing attitude to parental support.
Shota Sakamoto
Graduate School of Health and Sport Science Nippon Sport Science University, Japan
The present study describes the case study research of the guided discovery coaching for young soccer players. A number of different approaches to coaching exist and some efficient instruments for soccer players have already been developed. Guided discovery coaching is one of the reliable methods for sports to improve skill in team sport athletes. It is based on questioning whereby the coach asks the player a series of questions in order to bring information to promote insight and better rational decision-making. Questions should be phrased in such a way that they stimulate thinking and increase awareness, rather than requiring a correct answer. They help the players to reach their own conclusions and solutions. Guided discovery coaching seems to be an effective instrument for team sports, such as soccer. However, it is not clear that which components influence the player or are effective. Consequently, the aim of this study was to examine the coaching behaviors of top-level Spanish professional youth coach, therefore, to assist in the development of any model of effective coaching, detailed investigations to find out what good coaches actually do, and steps that need to be undertaken to improve the coaching.
The participant for this study was a Spanish male professional youth soccer coach. The participant is a professional soccer coach who has coached for more than 10 years at a professional level and worked for the Japanese Football Association. He has a university master degree and also was a UEFA 'A' licensed coach. The coach's behavior and the training were recorded by video. The total amount of recorded training session was 120 minutes. The instrument used to collect the behavioral data was based on The Arizona State University Observation Instrument (A.S.U.O.I.). Data collected was coded and quantified for each behavior – a total of 32 categories. The instrument used to analyze was the Sportscode digital video analysis system.
The largest single category recorded was concurrent instruction. When the instruction is formed into a single category, by combining the components of pre-instruction, concurrent
instruction and post-instruction, this then makes it the largest behavioral category. Furthermore, by combining the seven traditional categories that have been related to the instructional process (i.e. pre-instruction, concurrent instruction, post-instruction, questioning, physical assistance, positive and negative modeling), the instruction easily becomes the largest overall recorded behavior.
This study suggested that in order to encourage effective guided discovery coaching, interaction between the quality of question and the connection of training menu was important. The largest single category recorded was concurrent instruction and to use concurrent instruction, a coach should sufficiently understand what is the meaning of the training's concept.
Masahiko Tokuda
Hokusho University, Japan
Changes occurring in the environments surrounding businesses and young people as they grow require today's working people to have basic abilities that are commonly required in all types of jobs, such as the "ability to find problems for the creation of new value," "ability to effectively work toward solutions to problems," and "ability to use teamwork to unite different cultures." The Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) defines such abilities as "fundamental competencies for working persons" and aims to develop and propagate these abilities.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of educational camps on the fundamental competencies for working persons outlined above.
Study participants were 61 students in 2011, 62 students in 2012, and 70 students in 2013—all enrolled in a three-night/four-day educational camp. The evaluation scale used was the "Fundamental Competencies for Working Persons Questionnaire" developed by METI (2006). There were three scales: Ability to step forward (Action), Ability to think through (Thinking), and Ability to work on a team (Teamwork). Evaluations using the scales were performed before and after participation in the educational camp. We received a report of free-form scenes and impressions of changes from camp participants. We also investigated the factors underlying the transformation in participants' levels of fundamental competencies for working persons. For data gathered for participants of the educational camps, the following statistical analyses were conducted. First, data of 22 people continued to be obtained for three years (continuous data). Second, data collected over time were used to integrate the score for each grade (integrated data), with data from the one-year group (n = 69), two-year group (n = 70), and three-year group (n = 54). Statistical analyses were performed on data with a two-way ANOVA (grade × camp period). In addition to used KJ method on free-form report data.
Regarding continuous data, the analysis indicated the main effect of the camp period according to the value of probability. It can be concluded that the educational camp had a significant impact on participants in terms of the fundamental competencies for working persons. Regarding integrated data, analysis of the data indicated the primary effect of teamwork, a grade × camp period interaction. Furthermore, the Action and Thinking scales showed the main effects of grade and camp period by the value of probability A free-form report showed different descriptions by grade. First-year participants often wrote of their anxieties and expectations associated with the first camp experience. Second-year participants wrote about the role of camp. Third-year participants often wrote to help to other participants. Factors such as the camp experience and the role of camp influenced the transformation in the fundamental competencies for working persons in different ways depending on their grade. Furthermore, decisive factors for each sub-skill are as follows: For "Action," it is "personal independent activities"; for "Thinking" it is "According to camp plan"; and for "Teamwork" it is "Relationships with others.
Inagaki Ryosuke
University of Fukui, Japan
In Japan, 1635 people fell victim to water-related accidents in 2015; a total of 791 were killed or went missing. Of these, 418 (52.8%) met with tragedy on beaches, thus making beaches the most common locations for water-related casualties. Some of these deaths occurred due to drowning while swimming despite the presence of color-coded warning flags indicating "swimming prohibited."
This research aims to determine university students' level of awareness regarding beach warning flags through a questionnaire. Furthermore, it aims to use the results to design future safety guidelines for water activities.
The questionnaire was administered to a group of students as part of a university lesson in April 2016. Survey participants were 128 students from F University; surveys from 124 students were chosen for analysis while defective surveys were eliminated. The survey comprised six questions. The first section (five questions) included questions on the meanings of the warning flags while the second section (one question) addressed participants' education about the meanings of the flags. For example, in the first section, questions included "What do you think is the meaning of a red flag on the beach?"; participants were asked to choose one of the following answers: "swimming permitted," "swim with caution," "swimming prohibited," or "do not know." The second section only asked the participants whether they had ever received previous information regarding the meanings of the warning flags. Using the ×2 test and direct probability calculation, answers were analyzed after a simple tabulation.
For the variation in responses about the five flag colors, the ×2 test results indicated significance for all colors (red flag: ×2(3) = 148.90, p < .01; white flag: ×2(3) = 122.52, p < .01; yellow flag: × 2(3) = 139.74, p < .01; red and white flag: ×2(3) = 207.29, p < .01; and no flag: ×2(3) = 64.58, p < .01.). For the red, white, and yellow flags, 60% or more of the participants gave the expected answers (a red flag means "swimming prohibited," a white flag means "swimming permitted," a yellow flag means "swim with caution," a red and white flag means "swim with caution," and no flag means "swimming permitted"). However, only 10.5% of those surveyed chose the correct answer for a red and white flag while 80.6% answered "do not know."When asked if they had received previous information regarding the flag colors, three participants (2.4%) responded with "yes" while 121 (97.6%) responded with "no." Direct probability calculation indicated that this difference in number was significant (p = 0.00, two-tailed test).
When visitors see warning flags on the beach, they need to understand the meanings of the flag colors to determine whether swimming is permitted or not. However, our findings revealed that the current situation was quite disconcerting. Moreover, swimming lessons also need to include instruction on avoiding water-related accidents and should incorporate information regarding the meanings of warning flag colors.
Shunsuke Murakami
Graduate school of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in
Kanoya, Kagoshima, Japan
Recently, the equipment is developed to measure the aspects of ball which players hit. Those data which are recorded are utilized for performance analysis or selection the equipment (something like racket, string, etc…). It has also increased to report papers about ball speed and ball spin rates on tennis strokes. To accumulate that information will help coachers to build the coaching program. One of local tennis training center has a program to scout for talent and improve those junior players in a local tennis association. Authors has engaged in measurement of physical fitness and shot analysis as a part of that program constantly. This study aimed to clarify the quality of ball on tennis strokes and comparison with the results of tennis field test in junior players who are belonged in local tennis training center.
The participants were ten tennis players (Male: 5, Female: 5) who belonged to the local tennis association. All participants provided written consent before participating in the study, which was approved by the ethics board of the National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya. Participants warmed up and practiced strokes to become familiar with the test situation. They hit first service and second service six balls per person from deuce court or advantage court. They were instructed to "Hit the ball to the target and swing as fast as possible". The hitting test of groundstroke was assumed the situation that players can swing surely on good preparation in baseline rallies. Ballistic measurement equipment "Trackman" was used to record ball speed and spin rates of topspin during the hitting test. And also, it was performed measurement of physical fitness. The contents of the measurement are "Tennis Field Test" which JTA (Japan Tennis Association) recommends as below. Basic: Sit-up, Standing broad jump, Pentagon, Long seat body anteflexion, Shuttle Stamina. Optional: Push-up, Medicine ball throw (Front over, Right, Left, Service motion).
It was found a high negative correlation between ball speed and spin rates of topspin on service and ground strokes in each player. It has possibilities to evaluate the quality of the ball on tennis strokes by that relationship between ball speed and spin rates of topspin as below. 1) The regression line in the scatter of ball speed and spin rates being located in upper right, the quality of ball might be higher. 2) The scatter of ball speed and spin rates which follow the regression line being larger, the quality of ball might be higher. 3) The slope of the regression line in the relationship between ball speed and spin rates being gradual or coefficient of correlation between ball speed and spin rates being lower, the quality of ball might be lower. And also, authors found a high negative correlation between topspin rotation of the ball on forehand ground strokes and the distance of medicine ball throw in most of players (p< 0.01).
Consequently, It suggests that this relationship between ball speed and the amount of topspin represent player's quality of ball and their stroke characteristics and play-style. It will be consider development evaluation by picking data up more and more.
Choi, Kwan Yong
Korea National Sport University, Korea
The purpose of this study was to present a case of supervision by Taekwondo professionals and improve coaches' coaching in Taekwondo gym. A case of H Taekwondo gym in Yongin, Gyeonggi Province, which is registered in Kukkiwon, was analyzed. Consulting in the Taekwondo gym was performed in three sessions over a year from April 2015 to April 2016. The process of consulting is as follows: in the first phase, three Taekwondo professionals in the Teaching Support Team of the Korean Taekwondo Association for Young Children visited the Taekwondo gym to diagnose coaching in the gym and observe and record coaching, as requested from the gym; in the next phase, they identified and let problems known to the coach; in the concluding phase, they visited the gym again and videotaped the process of coaching. On the basis of the video, they concluded consulting both by determining whether the existing problems could be solved and by providing the final feedbacks.
The following problems were identified for the Taekwondo gym in the diagnostic phase: A class failed to start on time and involved no greeting that signaled the beginning of the class. The trainees got no information about the process of the class, which was performed without a detailed plan for training. In finishing training, trainees were given no feedback. As for the coach's attitudes, the trainees' disposition was not determined through personal observation and poor interaction with the trainees was performed. Lastly, as for the instructional environment, a certain age group of trainees formed a large part of each group. A single coach coached five- to thirteen-year-olds.
To the above-mentioned problems, the following solutions were provided: To start a class on time, it is necessary to make trainees prepared for the class by playing meditation music for them 1-2 minutes before it starts. In addition to the monthly plan, it is necessary to make a daily training plan in pursuit of a more efficient class and to set a goal appropriate for age and levels (belts) and make assessment and confirmation in pursuit of achievement and motivation. As for coaches' attitudes, it is necessary to make steady observation of individual trainees and allow communication with them since a lot of trainees are trained in the same place. It is necessary to emphasize the efforts to listen to trainees so that they can develop a sense of intimacy with the leader. As for the instructional environment, it is necessary to improve the type of instruction that focuses on elementary school children and to divide trainees into elementary and pre-school groups in pursuit of more professional teaching.
In the concluding phase, the video from revisit was viewed with the coach to present improvements and poor situations and most of the problems were solved. As for unsolved problems, the restriction on the timely start of a class remained due to vehicle operation.
Yang Ming
JEJU NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, Korea
The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of brief intense interval training as exercise intervention for promoting health and to evaluate potential benefits about common interventions, that is, long time exercise and strength training.
X Collage student grade 1 to grade 4 (18-22 aged) were divided into groups that completed 4 wk of intense interval running (INT; total training time 30 min·wk-1), prolonged running (90 min·wk-1), and strength training (90 min·wk-1) or continued their habitual lifestyle without participation in physical training.
The improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness was superior in the INT (13% ± 3% increase in V·O2max) compared with the other two exercise interventions (7% ± 2% and 3% ± 2% increases). The blood glucose concentration 2 hours after oral ingestion of 75 g of glucose was lowered to a similar extent after training in the INT (from 6.1 ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.3 mM, P < 0.05) and the prolonged running group (from 5.6 ± 1.5 to 4.9 ± 1.1 mM, P < 0.05). In contrast, INT was less efficient than prolonged running for lowering the subjects' resting HR, fat percentage, and reducing the ratio between total and HDL plasma cholesterol. Furthermore, total bone mass and lean body mass remained unchanged in the INT group, whereas both these parameters were increased by the strength-training intervention.
INT for 4 wk is an effective training stimulus for improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness and glucose tolerance, but in relation to the treatment of hyperlipidemia and obesity, it is less effective than prolonged training. Furthermore and in contrast to strength training, 4 wk of INT had no impact on muscle mass or indices of skeletal health.
Chun-Chieh Wang
University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
Glenohumeral instability is commonly seen in baseball pitchers, with symptoms of shoulder laxity and pain. Shoulder laxity or shoulder instability often result from muscle fatigue due to long throwing activity, which may result in inability to perform adequate shoulder abduction and the depression of the humeral head. This may cause injuries to the static stability structure of the glenohumeral joint, shoulder impingement, supraspinatus tear and negative impact to the proprioception, which may lead to a vicious cycle. This study aims to identify the effect of kinesiotaping to the supraspinatus on shoulder neuromuscular control.
Ten healthy male subjects participated in this study (age mean 23.4±1.3 years old). Shoulder neuromuscular control ability of the dominant arm was measured using Zebris pressure distribution force plate for detecting sway path velocity, sway area, and length of the centre of pressure in two different position, including single hand support and single elbow support. Proprioception was measured using Zebris 3D motion analysis system at shoulder abduction 120 degree and shoulder abduction 60 degree. Then the fatigue procedure was introduced in order to compare the difference between before and after the application of Kinesiotape to the Supraspinatus via shoulder neuromuscular control ability test and proprioception test.
A significant difference was found in proprioception at both abduction 60 and 120 degrees between before and after fatigue procedure and after application of Kinesiotaping (p < .05). A significant difference was found in sway area with single hand support between before and after the fatigue procedure and the application of kinesiotaping (p < .05).
The results in this pilot study showed that protective taping should be applied on baseball pitchers' supraspinatus in training and long competition, and further training for the Supraspinatus should be emphasized for shoulder instability prevention.
Chao-Yen Chen
Center of physical education , Kaohsiung Medical University, Taiwan
The purpose of the study was to discuss which physical training way is better for seniors, to receive by fitness instructor or independent training with a smart watch monitor at home. Furthermore, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance and physical agility/balance were also improved by these two kinds of sports interventions.
72 persons above 60 year old were participated in this project, divided into two groups. Forty-two persons received their physical training by a professional fitness instructor for twice a week and 1 hour each time. The training programs include high impact, weight training and aerobic exercise. The other home self-training group was 30 persons. They received the exercise instructor at the first week. Then the subjects wore a sport smart sport watch and followed the programs by the smart watch and encouraged them to reach the training target every day. Paired t-test was used to test whether the physical fitness was improved after two months training in the two groups. The t-test was used to test which way had better effect in the physical training between these two groups.
The results showed that after physical training, the subjects of both groups had significant improvement in body composition include the percentage of minerals, waist and hip circumference. Training by a fitness instructor group, the subjects were improved in maximum muscle strength of upper limbs and lower limb, cardiorespiratory endurance, and both the flexibility and agility (p < 0.05). 50% of self-training group subjects were significant improved in bone mineral density T score, however only 33% of training by a fitness instructor group subjects were improved. In the self-training group, the subjects did the moderate exercise intensity (40% HRR ~ 70% HRR) had most significant improvement in the T-scores of bone mineral density. In the training by a fitness instructor group, the circle training had better effect in the increase of T-score.
The results from this study showed that the appropriate intervention of modest weight training and aerobic exercise for the seniors could reduce their bone mass loss, increase their bone density, improved their muscle endurance, cardiopulmonary endurance, flexibility and body's agility/balance that could prevent elder falling effectively. The quantity and quality of weight training directly affect the training effect especially in bone density. The appropriate and modest weight training incorporate with adequate aerobic exercise can effectively slow down the loss of bone, and even can increase the bone density.
Hui-Yuan Tang
Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, Chinese Culture University, Taiwan
The present study explored possible environmental influences on Taiwan's performances at the Summer Olympic Games. In attempting to develop a more focused approach, five environmental influences (i.e. geographic, demographic, sociocultural, political, and educational) were delimited and defined.
This study was a qualitative designed; the documentary method and content analysis were used as an overall approach for data collection.
The results of the study based on documental evidences suggested the significant impacts of political, sociocultural, and educational influences on Taiwan's elite sport development and performance at the successive Summer Olympics while highlighting geographical and demographical factors to be less influential.
The findings of the study provided valuable information to stakeholders and practitioners to gain a better understanding of the issues in question. Given the significance of environmental influences in the context of Taiwan, future researchers may wish to explore the possible influences of environments on Olympic achievement in the different contexts and make further comparisons